I3+Resource+Partitioning

    **Competitive Exclusion:** **Limiting Similarity:** **Competitive Release**:  **Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity:** **Apparent Competition:** **Enemy-Free Space**:
 * In a homogeneous environment where two species compete**:**
 * __Outcome #1:__ One species is excluded
 * __Outcome #2:__ Both species learn to coexist
 * __Competitive Exclusion Principle:__
 * "The coexistence can only occur in a stable environment if the species niches are differentiated."
 * __The threshold of differentiation in resource utilization__
 * Two kinds of competition within resource utilization:
 * __I____nterspecific competition:__ Competition between two individuals from //different// species
 * __Intraspecific competition:__ Competition between two individuals from the //same// species.
 * In the absence of a competitor, __competitive release is when a species expands its niche within the environment.__
 * For example:
 * New Guinea Doves:
 * Three kinds of doves live on the main island of New Guinea (in three different habitats)
 * Each dove can be found (one species per island) inhabiting all three habitats.
 * Character Displacement:**
 * __When the "character" of a species is changed due to competition influencing it.__
 * Morphological changes as well as adaptations occur to new resources.
 * For example: Darwin observed that different species of finches would have the same length beak on separate islands, but on the same island they all had different length.
 * **Natural Environments:** __Patchworks of habitats which vary extensively in quality and resources levels.__
 * In changing environments, individual "battles" are fought and may not be complete before these changes occur
 * Therefore: weaker competitor gain advantage
 * **"The Paradox of the Plankton"**
 * Many different species of plankton in a very simple environment
 * Changes in season, temperature, light, oxygen, and nutrients affect these plankton, hence so many different adaptable kinds.
 * **Gaps:** missing species from a habitat due to weather, predators, or death by some other cause
 * Completely messes up environments. "**Character Displacement"**- may occur as a result.
 * __When two species of prey are attacked, the predators population increases dramatically, therefore creating competition between the two species unintentionally.__
 * "Snowball effect"
 * Both species are using completely different resources, yet competing to stay alive.
 * __When two species (who are experiencing apparent competition) try to escape the vicinity of the predator. Niche differentiation occurs not because of resource depletion, but of a predator.__