I1+The+Nature+of+Competition

 ||  Interaction between members of species || ||  Competition ||  Competition || ||  Predation ||  Cannabalism || ||  Mutualism ||  Altruism or mutualism ||  Parasitism* (especially if individuals are related)
 * 1)  Classifying interactions:
 * 2) Interactions between individuals + species are classified on basis of the effects of mechanism of the interaction:
 * 3) Key interspecific interactions: competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism
 * 4) Main intraspecific interations: competition, cannibalism, altruism
 * 5) *parasitoidism is a type of parasitsm (also known as hyperparasitism which occurs in some insect species (wasps and flies)-the parasitoid las eggs in or on the body of the host, usually resulting in death of host.
 *  ||  Interaction between 2 Species
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Use of the same limiting resouce, with resulting fitness loss
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> Consumption of all/part of another individual
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> Individuals live in close association w/ mutual benefit
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> Individuals live in close association, to cost of host || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> Parasitism || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> Parasitism* ||
 * parasitsm is rare, hard to distinguish from mutualism

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> Exploitation Competition <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif"> Interference Competition <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">commensualism: interactions occur where one specials exhibits no effect and the other benefits or is adversely affected which is called (amensualism)
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">ie: hermit crabs carry hydroids on the mollusk shell they occupy: benefits shell because it is transported to food sources, but does not cost the crab. (commensualism)
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">species that produce toxins (soil-living fungi) regardless of whether the species which suffers a deleterious effect is present of not. (amensualism)
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Competition: an interaction among individuals utilizing a limited resource, resulting in reduced fitness in the competing individuals.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">The niche of a species is important in measuring competition. The larger of niche overlap, the more intense degree of competition.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Intraspecific Competition: competition that occurs between the same species.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">More intense competition between the same species b/c there are similar requirements of resources.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Regulates population by influencing mortality and fecundity.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">ie: i. protozoans P. Aurelia and P. caudatum
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">When cultured separately in yeast medium, P. Aurelia had faster rate of increase than P. caudatum
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">When both species were put in same culture vessel, P. Aurelia dominated and P. caudatum died out.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">ii. invasive weeds. Exotic plant species become species because of their vigorous competitive ability.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Purple Loosestrife (lythrum salicaria) European wetland species invaded wetlands all over North America.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Japanese knotweed (Fallohia japonica) is vigorous riverside weed in Europe.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Water hyacinth (Veronica beccabunga), native of Southeast Asia, has become a problem blocking drainage channels and waterways in Europe and Americas.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Competition can happen in two ways.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">One way is solely by the depletion of the limiting resource (exploitation competition).
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">The second way is by direct interaction between competing individuals (interference competition).
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Exploitation Competition: reduced fitness occurs due to a short fall in resource availibility
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Competing indviduals may interact directly.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Example: Animals which fight over territories or needed items
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Interference may occur when a competitor uses of toxins as an advantage or to injure the competition
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Example in animals: The ichneumonid wasp, poisionous (pictured below)
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">In plants, the term "allelopathy" is used when describing competition with toxins
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Examples: The black walnut, supresses plant growth and kills other plants
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Some competing species may reciprocally predate upon each other
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Competing predators may interfere with the prey, which would make the prey harder to catch
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Fitness reduction in the 'loser' in interference interactions may be due to injuries, possibly resulting in death, as well as a lack of resource access

Asymmetry in the Effects of Competition
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Both intraspecific and interspecific competition often affect the competitors very unevenly
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">The loser in competition can die, because they will be exploited, or deprived of food and resources
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">The loser can also see "interference" where they will be directly injured or poisoned
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Examples of Competitive Asymmetry greatly outnumbers examples of symmetrical outcomes
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Resource distribution sometimes is even, so each individual only gets a small amount
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">This could lead to a whole population crash and is called "Scramble Competition"
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">In some species high densities result in an uneven distribution of resources, also known as "Contest Competition"
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">This is when some animals grow and survive while others die due to lack of resources
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Contest and scramble are comparable, and generally refer to the evenness of resource distribution
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif">Whereas exploitive and interference generally refer to the mechanism